1157 Seljuk Turks take the Abbasid Caliphate's power base in Baghdad
909–1171 Fatimids - expand from Tunisia to Egypt
1250 Mamluks (non-Arab freed slave soldiers) overthrow of the Ayyubid dynasty
c. 1299–1922 Ottoman Empire:
Kingdoms to Nations
c. 1300-1850 The Little Ice Age lowers temperature by 2°C reducing crop yields.
Colonialism, Nation States,