13th Century Western History


	The 13th Century CE	1200s CE

1200s - Byzantine Emperors 1195-1203 Alexius III 1203-04 Alexius IV 1204 Alexius V Latin Emperors 1204-05 Baldwin I 1205-16 Henry VI 1202-04 4th Crusade Latins conquer Constantinople 1208 Francis of Assisi founds Friars Minor 1209 Cambridge University founded 1209 King John invades Scotland, excommunicated 1210 Otto IV excommunicated 1212 Frederick II king of Germany crowned emperor in 1220 1215 Magna Carta sealed by King John at Runnymede 1206-1227 Ghengis Khan rules Mongolia	1210s - 1205-16 Henry of Flanders 1216-17 Pierre de Courtenay 1217-19 Yolanda 1218-28 Robert of Courtenay 1210 Aristotle's works forbidden in Paris 1212 Children's Crusade 1215 Magna Carta 1215 4th Lateran Council orders Jewish badge; Dominican Order founded 1218 University of Salamanca established in Spain.
1220s - 1218-28 Robert de Courtenay 1228-61 Baldwin II 1224 Univ of Naples est. 1227 Papal Inquisition instituted by Pope Gregory IX begins. 1228-29 Sixth Crusade, Excommunicated Emperor Frederick II negotiates treaty with Sultan Al-Kamil of Egypt giving pilgrims access to Jerusalem.	1230s - 1228-61 Baldwin II 1234 Books of Maimonides condemned and burned in Provence by anti-Maimonidean rabbis and the Dominican-led Inquisition because of their association with Catharism. 1234 Mongols led by Ögedei Khan and allied with the Song Dynasty defeat the Jin Dynasty in China. 1237 Mongols conquer Russia, defeat Germans, invade Poland and Hungary, but withdraw upon Ughetai's death. 1237 Mongols led by Batu Khan invade Russia.
1240s - 1228-61 Baldwin II 1240 Mongol leader Batu Khan (son of Juchi, oldest son of Genghis Khan) razes Kiev, curtailing growth of Kievan Russia and shifting dominance to Muscovite Russia. 1241 Mongols invade and defeat Germans at Liegnitz, take Cracow and ravage Hungary 1243-8 Five year truce btw. England & France 1244 Moslem conquest of Jerusalem, definitive loss of the city to Christianity 1245 First Council of Lyon deposes Federick II 1245 German Albertus Magnus teaches theology to Thomas Aquinas at the University of Paris. 1248-54 Seventh Crusade, French King Louis IX imprisoned after def at Mansura and ransomed.	1250s c.1250 Medieval Warm Period ends 1228-61 Baldwin II, last Latin emperor of Constantinople 1252-62 Formation of Hanseatic League 1256 "100 Years War" btw. Venice & Genoa 1258 Mongols sack Baghdad; end of Abbasid Caliphate
1260s 1228-61 Baldwin II, the last Latin Emperor 1261-82 Michael VIII begins the Palaiologan dynasty. 1260 Mamluks repel Mongols at Battle of Ain Jalut. 1261 Byzantine Empire restored by the forces of the Empire of Nicaea.	1270s 1261-82 Michael VIII 1270 Eighth Crusade; Louis IX of France and most of his army die of the plague in Tunis. 1271-95 Marco Polo travels to China with his father and uncle by way of the Silk Road 1265-1274 Thomas Aquinas writes Summa Theologica ('Summary of Theology') 1274 Cardinal Bonaventure helps unite the Greek and Latin churches at Second Council of Lyon
1280s 1261-82 Michael VIII 1282-1328 Andronicus II 1282-83 Edward I reconquers Wales, ending its independence	1290s 1282-1328 Andronicus II 1290 Jews expelled from England 1290 Raymond Lully of Spain invents a philosophical system known as the Art, conceived as a type of universal logic to prove the truth of Christian doctrine. 1291 Mamluks take Acre, end of Crusader States 1291 Swiss Canton League agree on charter of alliance. 1294 Peter the Hermit, elected as Pope Celestine V, resigns in hopes of returning to his cave, but reformists (Celestinians) prompt Boniface to imprison him. 1294-1303 Pope Boniface VIII claims Imperial authority, attempts conquest of Italy 1295 Edward I's " Model Parliament" 1297 At the Battle of Stirling Bridge, the Scottish army led by Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeat a much larger English army.