90s - Kings / Queens Ptolemaic Dynasty 101-88 Berenice III & 107-88 Ptolemy X Alexander I Maccabees 103-76 Alexander Janneus
91-89: War of the Allies
91: Tribune Drusus proposes renewal of Gracchian agrarian laws and citizenship for Itallic allies.  Drusus murdered

90: Civil War in Rome. Marius driven out by Sulla
Polymath and Stoic philosopher Posidonius 135-51 begins his scientific voyages around the Mediterranean Sea.

80s - Kings / Queens 107-88 Ptolemy X Alexander I 81-80 Cleopatra Berenice & 80 Ptolemy XI Alexander II 80-58 Ptolemy XII Neos 103-76 Alexander Janneus
89: Roman army, led by Sulla, regains control of Italy. Italic allies granted citizenship.
88: Sulla conquers plebian Rome, re-establishes rule of the Senate (plebiscites valid only with approval of Senate)
88-84: First Mithridatic War, Mithridates VI of Pontus attacks Roman territory in the East
87: Reign of terror over the optimates by Cinna and Marius
86: Marius dies during his 7th consulship.
82: Sulla made dictator for life, restoration of senatorial rule, equestrians lose judgeships, office of Tribune and Plebian Assembly weakened

70s - Kings / Queens 55-51 Ptolemy XII Neos 103-76 Alexander Janneus 76-67 Salome 76-67 Hycannus II
79: Sulla resigns dictatorship
77-71: Pompey eliminates remaining Marians in Spain, after soldiers betray their commander Sertorius.
74-64: Third Mithridatic War, mutiny of Roman army under Lucullus 68

73-71 Spartacus leads slave revolt, which was crushed by Pompey.
72: The Suevi invade Gaul

60s - Kings / Queens 76-67 Hyrcannus II 66-63 Aristobulus II 67-66 Hycannus II
69: Hyrcannus II deposed in Palestine; rise of the house of Antipater
68: Romans capture Crete
67: Pompey rids the Mediterranean of pirates
66: Pompey defeats Mithridates VI at the Battle of the Lycus
63: Romans under Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) capture Jerusalem
63-62: The Conspiracy of Catiline to overthrow the Roman Republic discovered and suppressed by Cicero.
62: Catiline and 3,000 supporters annihilated at Pistoria
60: First Triumvirate of Crassus, Pompey and Caesar

50s - Kings / Queens 80-58 Ptolemy XII Neos 58-55 Berenice IV 55-51 Ptolemy XII Neos 51-30 Cleopatra VII 51-47 w/Ptolemy XIII 67-66 Hycannus II

Crassus, Pompey and Caesar
Lucretius (c.99 - 55) writes De Rerum Natura (On The Nature of Things), in which he poetically professes the philosophy of Epicurus and the mortal soul.
55: Gaius Julius Caesar invades Britain with eighty transports and two legions, landing at Albion, between Deal and Walmer.
54: Caesar again invades Britain, with five legions and some cavalry, in 500 ships. A storm destroys many ships, but Caesar invades inland, is opposed by Britons under Cassivellaunus, who avoids pitched battle but continually harasses the Romans. Eventually local tribes make peace with Caesar, surrender hostages, and promise tribute. Caesar declares a victory, leaves Britain, and takes his hostages back to Rome. Britain remains free from another invasion for almost 100 years.
53: Parthians defeat Romans at Battle of Carrhae (Harran), northern Syria.
52: Romans under Julius Caesar defeat Gauls under Vercingetorix at Alesia, France.

40s Kings / Queens 51-30 Cleopatra VII 51-47 w/Ptolemy XIII 47-44 w/Ptolemy XIV 44-30 Ptolemy XV Caesarion 67-66 Hycannus II 40-37 Antigonus II
01 19 49: Caesar and his army cross the Rubicon River and march on Rome. The Senate flees.
49-46: Roman Civil War (Caesar vs. Pompey}
48: Pompey attacks Caesar's smaller army at Battle of Pharsalus, Greece. Pompey is defeated, and flees to Egypt where he is killed.
47: Siege of Alexandria, Caesar encircled, burns library, aided by Antipater, victorious at Nile, Cleopatra made Queen.
Plutarch's Antony
47: Caesar takes his army to Syria and Pontus, where he defeats Pharnaces II, saying "Veni, vidi, vici."
46: Caesar;s vict at Thapsus over Pompey's supporters (Cato's suicide at Utica)
45: Caesar's vict at Munda in Spain over the sons of Pompey. Caesar made dictator for life.
03 15 44: Julius Caesar assasinated. Marck Antony provokes Roman crowd to turn on Caesar's assassins, who flee from Rome.
43 Second Triumvirate gives Mark Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian absolute power.
42: Army of Roman Emperor Octavian defeats army of Brutus and Cassius (two of Julius Caesar's assassins).
Plutarch's Antony
40: Antonius and Octavius sign the Treaty of Brundisium, dividing up the Roman Empire. Herod, whose father Antipater had rescued Caesar at Alexandria, is appointed "client" king of Judea--rules for 36 years.

30s Kings / Queens 51-30 Cleopatra VII 44-30 Ptolemy XV Caesarion 40-37 Antigonus II 37-4 Herod the Great
37: Antonius settles in Alexandria with Cleopatra, and neglects his governmental responsibilities.
32: Roman Senate strips Antonius of his powers, leading to civil war.
31: Antonius' fleet vanquished at Actium, by Roman fleet under Marus Vipsanius Agrippa. When Octavian (Julius Caesar's adopted son, later Caesar Augustus) arrives at Alexandria, Antonius commits suicide, and Cleopatra joins him shortly thereafter.

20s Emperors / Kings 30-14AD Augustus 37-4 Herod the Great

27 the Roman Senate votes Octavian the title of Augustus. Augustus eventually assumes all authority formerly held by the Roman senate becoming the first emperor. This is traditionally taken as the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Principate (27 BC-AD 235).
25 Galatia annexed by Rome after the death of Amyntas of Galatia.
Livy's The History of Rome

10s Emperors / Kings 30-14AD Augustus 37-4 Herod the Great

19 conclusion of major fighting in the Cantabrian Wars marks the end of the Roman conquest of Hispania
16-13 Augustus establishes the Rhine limes (frontier defences).

00s Emperors / Kings 30-14AD Augustus 37-4 Herod the Great 4BC-6CE Archelaus 4BC-39CE Herod Antipas
9 Pannonia annexed to the Roman empire by the future emperor Tiberius
c. 6 – 4 birth of Jesus of Nazareth
4 Judea annexed to the Roman province of Syria after the death of King Herod.